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Cross-Cultural Research
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Being Driven to Work Excessively Hard

The Evaluation of a Two-Factor Measure of Workaholism in The Netherlands and Japan

Wilmar B. Schaufeli

Utrecht University, Netherlands, W.Schaufeli{at}uu.nl

Akihito Shimazu

University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine

Toon W. Taris

Radboud University Nijmegen/Behavioural Science Institute, Netherlands

Based on a conceptual analysis, a two-dimensional self-report questionnaire for assessing workaholism (work addiction) is proposed, including (1) working excessively hard and (2) working compulsively. Using independent explorative and confirmative samples that include employees from The Netherlands (N = 7,594) and Japan ( N = 3,311), a questionnaire is developed and psychometrically evaluated. Results show that both scales (five items each) are internally consistent and that the hypothesized two-factor structure fits to the data of both countries. Furthermore, convergent validity was shown with measures of excess working time and discriminant validity was shown with measures of burnout and work engagement. Workaholics who work excessively hard and compulsively have a high relative risk on burnout and a low relative risk on work engagement. It is concluded that the two-dimensional measure—dubbed the Dutch Workaholism Scale (DUWAS)—is useful tool in future (cross-cultural) research on workaholism.

Key Words: workaholism • cross-cultural measurement • burnout • work engagement • validation

This version was published on November 1, 2009

Cross-Cultural Research, Vol. 43, No. 4, 320-348 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/1069397109337239
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